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/** * Regenerate Thumbnails: Attachment regenerator class * * @package RegenerateThumbnails * @since 3.0.0 */ /** * Regenerates the thumbnails for a given attachment. * * @since 3.0.0 */ class RegenerateThumbnails_Regenerator { /** * The WP_Post object for the attachment that is being operated on. * * @since 3.0.0 * * @var WP_Post */ public $attachment; /** * The full path to the original image so that it can be passed between methods. * * @since 3.0.0 * * @var string */ public $fullsizepath; /** * An array of thumbnail size(s) that were skipped during regeneration due to already existing. * A class variable is used so that the data can later be used to merge the size(s) back in. * * @since 3.0.0 * * @var array */ public $skipped_thumbnails = array(); /** * The metadata for the attachment before the regeneration process starts. * * @since 3.1.6 * * @var array */ private $old_metadata = array(); /** * Generates an instance of this class after doing some setup. * * MIME type is purposefully not validated in order to be more future proof and * to avoid duplicating a ton of logic that already exists in WordPress core. * * @since 3.0.0 * * @param int $attachment_id Attachment ID to process. * * @return RegenerateThumbnails_Regenerator|WP_Error A new instance of RegenerateThumbnails_Regenerator on success, or WP_Error on error. */ public static function get_instance( $attachment_id ) { $attachment = get_post( $attachment_id ); if ( ! $attachment ) { return new WP_Error( 'regenerate_thumbnails_regenerator_attachment_doesnt_exist', __( 'No attachment exists with that ID.', 'regenerate-thumbnails' ), array( 'status' => 404, ) ); } // We can only regenerate thumbnails for attachments. if ( 'attachment' !== get_post_type( $attachment ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'regenerate_thumbnails_regenerator_not_attachment', __( 'This item is not an attachment.', 'regenerate-thumbnails' ), array( 'status' => 400, ) ); } // Don't touch any attachments that are being used as a site icon. Their thumbnails are usually custom cropped. if ( self::is_site_icon( $attachment ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'regenerate_thumbnails_regenerator_is_site_icon', __( "This attachment is a site icon and therefore the thumbnails shouldn't be touched.", 'regenerate-thumbnails' ), array( 'status' => 415, 'attachment' => $attachment, ) ); } return new RegenerateThumbnails_Regenerator( $attachment ); } /** * The constructor for this class. Don't call this directly, see get_instance() instead. * This is done so that WP_Error objects can be returned during class initiation. * * @since 3.0.0 * * @param WP_Post $attachment The WP_Post object for the attachment that is being operated on. */ private function __construct( WP_Post $attachment ) { $this->attachment = $attachment; } /** * Returns whether the attachment is or was a site icon. * * @since 3.0.0 * * @param WP_Post $attachment The WP_Post object for the attachment that is being operated on. * * @return bool Whether the attachment is or was a site icon. */ public static function is_site_icon( WP_Post $attachment ) { return ( 'site-icon' === get_post_meta( $attachment->ID, '_wp_attachment_context', true ) ); } /** * Get the path to the fullsize attachment. * * @return string|WP_Error The path to the fullsize attachment, or a WP_Error object on error. */ public function get_fullsizepath() { if ( $this->fullsizepath ) { return $this->fullsizepath; } if ( function_exists( 'wp_get_original_image_path' ) ) { $this->fullsizepath = wp_get_original_image_path( $this->attachment->ID ); } else { $this->fullsizepath = get_attached_file( $this->attachment->ID ); } if ( false === $this->fullsizepath || ! file_exists( $this->fullsizepath ) ) { $error = new WP_Error( 'regenerate_thumbnails_regenerator_file_not_found', sprintf( /* translators: The relative upload path to the attachment. */ __( "The fullsize image file cannot be found in your uploads directory at %s. Without it, new thumbnail images can't be generated.", 'regenerate-thumbnails' ), _wp_relative_upload_path( $this->fullsizepath ) ), array( 'status' => 404, 'fullsizepath' => _wp_relative_upload_path( $this->fullsizepath ), 'attachment' => $this->attachment, ) ); $this->fullsizepath = $error; } return $this->fullsizepath; } /** * Regenerate the thumbnails for this instance's attachment. * * @since 3.0.0 * * @param array|string $args { * Optional. Array or string of arguments for thumbnail regeneration. * * @type bool $only_regenerate_missing_thumbnails Skip regenerating existing thumbnail files. Default true. * @type bool $delete_unregistered_thumbnail_files Delete any thumbnail sizes that are no longer registered. Default false. * } * * @return mixed|WP_Error Metadata for attachment (see wp_generate_attachment_metadata()), or WP_Error on error. */ public function regenerate( $args = array() ) { global $wpdb; $args = wp_parse_args( $args, array( 'only_regenerate_missing_thumbnails' => true, 'delete_unregistered_thumbnail_files' => false, ) ); $fullsizepath = $this->get_fullsizepath(); if ( is_wp_error( $fullsizepath ) ) { $fullsizepath->add_data( array( 'attachment' => $this->attachment ) ); return $fullsizepath; } $this->old_metadata = wp_get_attachment_metadata( $this->attachment->ID ); if ( $args['only_regenerate_missing_thumbnails'] ) { add_filter( 'intermediate_image_sizes_advanced', array( $this, 'filter_image_sizes_to_only_missing_thumbnails' ), 10, 2 ); } require_once( ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/admin.php' ); $new_metadata = wp_generate_attachment_metadata( $this->attachment->ID, $fullsizepath ); if ( $args['only_regenerate_missing_thumbnails'] ) { // Thumbnail sizes that existed were removed and need to be added back to the metadata. foreach ( $this->skipped_thumbnails as $skipped_thumbnail ) { if ( ! empty( $this->old_metadata['sizes'][ $skipped_thumbnail ] ) ) { $new_metadata['sizes'][ $skipped_thumbnail ] = $this->old_metadata['sizes'][ $skipped_thumbnail ]; } } $this->skipped_thumbnails = array(); remove_filter( 'intermediate_image_sizes_advanced', array( $this, 'filter_image_sizes_to_only_missing_thumbnails' ), 10 ); } $wp_upload_dir = dirname( $fullsizepath ) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR; if ( $args['delete_unregistered_thumbnail_files'] ) { // Delete old sizes that are still in the metadata. $intermediate_image_sizes = get_intermediate_image_sizes(); foreach ( $this->old_metadata['sizes'] as $old_size => $old_size_data ) { if ( in_array( $old_size, $intermediate_image_sizes ) ) { continue; } wp_delete_file( $wp_upload_dir . $old_size_data['file'] ); unset( $new_metadata['sizes'][ $old_size ] ); } $relative_path = dirname( $new_metadata['file'] ) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR; // It's possible to upload an image with a filename like image-123x456.jpg and it shouldn't be deleted. $whitelist = $wpdb->get_col( $wpdb->prepare( " SELECT meta_value FROM {$wpdb->postmeta} WHERE meta_key = '_wp_attached_file' AND meta_value REGEXP %s /* Regenerate Thumbnails */ ", '^' . preg_quote( $relative_path ) . '[^' . preg_quote( DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR ) . ']+-[0-9]+x[0-9]+\.' ) ); $whitelist = array_map( 'basename', $whitelist ); $filelist = array(); foreach ( scandir( $wp_upload_dir ) as $file ) { if ( '.' == $file || '..' == $file || ! is_file( $wp_upload_dir . $file ) ) { continue; } $filelist[] = $file; } $registered_thumbnails = array(); foreach ( $new_metadata['sizes'] as $size ) { $registered_thumbnails[] = $size['file']; } $fullsize_parts = pathinfo( $fullsizepath ); foreach ( $filelist as $file ) { if ( in_array( $file, $whitelist ) || in_array( $file, $registered_thumbnails ) ) { continue; } if ( ! preg_match( '#^' . preg_quote( $fullsize_parts['filename'], '#' ) . '-[0-9]+x[0-9]+\.' . preg_quote( $fullsize_parts['extension'], '#' ) . '$#', $file ) ) { continue; } wp_delete_file( $wp_upload_dir . $file ); } } elseif ( ! empty( $this->old_metadata ) && ! empty( $this->old_metadata['sizes'] ) && is_array( $this->old_metadata['sizes'] ) ) { // If not deleting, rename any size conflicts to avoid them being lost if the file still exists. foreach ( $this->old_metadata['sizes'] as $old_size => $old_size_data ) { if ( empty( $new_metadata['sizes'][ $old_size ] ) ) { $new_metadata['sizes'][ $old_size ] = $this->old_metadata['sizes'][ $old_size ]; continue; } $new_size_data = $new_metadata['sizes'][ $old_size ]; if ( $new_size_data['width'] !== $old_size_data['width'] && $new_size_data['height'] !== $old_size_data['height'] && file_exists( $wp_upload_dir . $old_size_data['file'] ) ) { $new_metadata['sizes'][ $old_size . '_old_' . $old_size_data['width'] . 'x' . $old_size_data['height'] ] = $old_size_data; } } } wp_update_attachment_metadata( $this->attachment->ID, $new_metadata ); return $new_metadata; } /** * Filters the list of thumbnail sizes to only include those which have missing files. * * @since 3.0.0 * * @param array $sizes An associative array of registered thumbnail image sizes. * @param array $fullsize_metadata An associative array of fullsize image metadata: width, height, file. * * @return array An associative array of image sizes. */ public function filter_image_sizes_to_only_missing_thumbnails( $sizes, $fullsize_metadata ) { if ( ! $sizes ) { return $sizes; } $fullsizepath = $this->get_fullsizepath(); if ( is_wp_error( $fullsizepath ) ) { return $sizes; } $editor = wp_get_image_editor( $fullsizepath ); if ( is_wp_error( $editor ) ) { return $sizes; } $metadata = $this->old_metadata; // This is based on WP_Image_Editor_GD::multi_resize() and others. foreach ( $sizes as $size => $size_data ) { if ( empty( $metadata['sizes'][ $size ] ) ) { continue; } if ( ! isset( $size_data['width'] ) && ! isset( $size_data['height'] ) ) { continue; } if ( ! isset( $size_data['width'] ) ) { $size_data['width'] = null; } if ( ! isset( $size_data['height'] ) ) { $size_data['height'] = null; } if ( ! isset( $size_data['crop'] ) ) { $size_data['crop'] = false; } $thumbnail = $this->get_thumbnail( $editor, $fullsize_metadata['width'], $fullsize_metadata['height'], $size_data['width'], $size_data['height'], $size_data['crop'] ); // The false check filters out thumbnails that would be larger than the fullsize image. // The size comparison makes sure that the size is also correct. if ( false === $thumbnail || ( $thumbnail['width'] === $metadata['sizes'][ $size ]['width'] && $thumbnail['height'] === $metadata['sizes'][ $size ]['height'] && file_exists( $thumbnail['filename'] ) ) ) { $this->skipped_thumbnails[] = $size; unset( $sizes[ $size ] ); } } /** * Filters the list of missing thumbnail sizes if you want to add/remove any. * * @since 3.1.0 * * @param array $sizes An associative array of image sizes that are missing. * @param array $fullsize_metadata An associative array of fullsize image metadata: width, height, file. * @param object $this The current instance of this class. * * @return array An associative array of image sizes. */ return apply_filters( 'regenerate_thumbnails_missing_thumbnails', $sizes, $fullsize_metadata, $this ); } /** * Generate the thumbnail filename and dimensions for a given set of constraint dimensions. * * @since 3.0.0 * * @param WP_Image_Editor|WP_Error $editor An instance of WP_Image_Editor, as returned by wp_get_image_editor(). * @param int $fullsize_width The width of the fullsize image. * @param int $fullsize_height The height of the fullsize image. * @param int $thumbnail_width The width of the thumbnail. * @param int $thumbnail_height The height of the thumbnail. * @param bool $crop Whether to crop or not. * * @return array|false An array of the filename, thumbnail width, and thumbnail height, * or false on failure to resize such as the thumbnail being larger than the fullsize image. */ public function get_thumbnail( $editor, $fullsize_width, $fullsize_height, $thumbnail_width, $thumbnail_height, $crop ) { $dims = image_resize_dimensions( $fullsize_width, $fullsize_height, $thumbnail_width, $thumbnail_height, $crop ); if ( ! $dims ) { return false; } list( , , , , $dst_w, $dst_h ) = $dims; $suffix = "{$dst_w}x{$dst_h}"; $file_ext = strtolower( pathinfo( $this->get_fullsizepath(), PATHINFO_EXTENSION ) ); return array( 'filename' => $editor->generate_filename( $suffix, null, $file_ext ), 'width' => $dst_w, 'height' => $dst_h, ); } /** * Update the post content of any public post types (posts and pages by default) * that make use of this attachment. * * @since 3.0.0 * * @param array|string $args { * Optional. Array or string of arguments for controlling the updating. * * @type array $post_type The post types to update. Defaults to public post types (posts and pages by default). * @type array $post_ids Specific post IDs to update as opposed to any that uses the attachment. * @type int $posts_per_loop How many posts to query at a time to keep memory usage down. You shouldn't need to modify this. * } * * @return array|WP_Error List of post IDs that were modified. The key is the post ID and the value is either the post ID again or a WP_Error object if wp_update_post() failed. */ public function update_usages_in_posts( $args = array() ) { // Temporarily disabled until it can be even better tested for edge cases return array(); $args = wp_parse_args( $args, array( 'post_type' => array(), 'post_ids' => array(), 'posts_per_loop' => 10, ) ); if ( empty( $args['post_type'] ) ) { $args['post_type'] = array_values( get_post_types( array( 'public' => true ) ) ); unset( $args['post_type']['attachment'] ); } $offset = 0; $posts_updated = array(); while ( true ) { $posts = get_posts( array( 'numberposts' => $args['posts_per_loop'], 'offset' => $offset, 'orderby' => 'ID', 'order' => 'ASC', 'include' => $args['post_ids'], 'post_type' => $args['post_type'], 's' => 'wp-image-' . $this->attachment->ID, // For faster queries. 'update_post_meta_cache' => false, 'update_post_term_cache' => false, ) ); if ( ! $posts ) { break; } $offset += $args['posts_per_loop']; foreach ( $posts as $post ) { $content = $post->post_content; $search = array(); $replace = array(); // Find all tags for this attachment and update them. preg_match_all( '#]+wp-image-' . $this->attachment->ID . '[^>]+/>#i', $content, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER ); if ( $matches ) { foreach ( $matches as $img_tag ) { preg_match( '# class="([^"]+)?size-([^" ]+)#i', $img_tag[0], $thumbnail_size ); if ( $thumbnail_size ) { $thumbnail = image_downsize( $this->attachment->ID, $thumbnail_size[2] ); if ( ! $thumbnail ) { continue; } $search[] = $img_tag[0]; $img_tag[0] = preg_replace( '# src="[^"]+"#i', ' src="' . esc_url( $thumbnail[0] ) . '"', $img_tag[0] ); $img_tag[0] = preg_replace( '# width="[^"]+" height="[^"]+"#i', ' width="' . esc_attr( $thumbnail[1] ) . '" height="' . esc_attr( $thumbnail[2] ) . '"', $img_tag[0] ); $replace[] = $img_tag[0]; } } } $content = str_replace( $search, $replace, $content ); $search = array(); $replace = array(); // Update the width in any [caption] shortcodes. preg_match_all( '#\[caption id="attachment_' . $this->attachment->ID . '"([^\]]+)? width="[^"]+"\]([^\[]+)size-([^" ]+)([^\[]+)\[\/caption\]#i', $content, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER ); if ( $matches ) { foreach ( $matches as $match ) { $thumbnail = image_downsize( $this->attachment->ID, $match[3] ); if ( ! $thumbnail ) { continue; } $search[] = $match[0]; $replace[] = '[caption id="attachment_' . $this->attachment->ID . '"' . $match[1] . ' width="' . esc_attr( $thumbnail[1] ) . '"]' . $match[2] . 'size-' . $match[3] . $match[4] . '[/caption]'; } } $content = str_replace( $search, $replace, $content ); $updated_post_object = (object) array( 'ID' => $post->ID, 'post_content' => $content, ); $posts_updated[ $post->ID ] = wp_update_post( $updated_post_object, true ); } } return $posts_updated; } /** * Returns information about the current attachment for use in the REST API. * * @since 3.0.0 * * @return array|WP_Error The attachment name, fullsize URL, registered thumbnail size status, and any unregistered sizes, or WP_Error on error. */ public function get_attachment_info() { $fullsizepath = $this->get_fullsizepath(); if ( is_wp_error( $fullsizepath ) ) { $fullsizepath->add_data( array( 'attachment' => $this->attachment ) ); return $fullsizepath; } $editor = wp_get_image_editor( $fullsizepath ); if ( is_wp_error( $editor ) ) { // Display a more helpful error message. if ( 'image_no_editor' === $editor->get_error_code() ) { $editor = new WP_Error( 'image_no_editor', __( 'The current image editor cannot process this file type.', 'regenerate-thumbnails' ) ); } $editor->add_data( array( 'attachment' => $this->attachment, 'status' => 415, ) ); return $editor; } $metadata = wp_get_attachment_metadata( $this->attachment->ID ); if ( false === $metadata || ! is_array( $metadata ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'regenerate_thumbnails_regenerator_no_metadata', __( 'Unable to load the metadata for this attachment.', 'regenerate-thumbnails' ), array( 'status' => 404, 'attachment' => $this->attachment, ) ); } if ( ! isset( $metadata['sizes'] ) ) { $metadata['sizes'] = array(); } // PDFs don't have width/height set. $width = ( isset( $metadata['width'] ) ) ? $metadata['width'] : null; $height = ( isset( $metadata['height'] ) ) ? $metadata['height'] : null; require_once( ABSPATH . '/wp-admin/includes/image.php' ); $preview = false; if ( file_is_displayable_image( $fullsizepath ) ) { $preview = wp_get_attachment_url( $this->attachment->ID ); } elseif ( is_array( $metadata['sizes'] ) && is_array( $metadata['sizes']['full'] ) && ! empty( $metadata['sizes']['full']['file'] ) ) { $preview = str_replace( wp_basename( $fullsizepath ), $metadata['sizes']['full']['file'], wp_get_attachment_url( $this->attachment->ID ) ); if ( ! file_exists( $preview ) ) { $preview = false; } } $response = array( 'name' => ( $this->attachment->post_title ) ? $this->attachment->post_title : sprintf( __( 'Attachment %d', 'regenerate-thumbnails' ), $this->attachment->ID ), 'preview' => $preview, 'relative_path' => _wp_get_attachment_relative_path( $fullsizepath ) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . wp_basename( $fullsizepath ), 'edit_url' => get_edit_post_link( $this->attachment->ID, 'raw' ), 'width' => $width, 'height' => $height, 'registered_sizes' => array(), 'unregistered_sizes' => array(), ); $wp_upload_dir = dirname( $fullsizepath ) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR; $registered_sizes = RegenerateThumbnails()->get_thumbnail_sizes(); if ( 'application/pdf' === get_post_mime_type( $this->attachment ) ) { $registered_sizes = array_intersect_key( $registered_sizes, array( 'thumbnail' => true, 'medium' => true, 'large' => true, ) ); } // Check the status of all currently registered sizes. foreach ( $registered_sizes as $size ) { // Width and height are needed to generate the thumbnail filename. if ( $width && $height ) { $thumbnail = $this->get_thumbnail( $editor, $width, $height, $size['width'], $size['height'], $size['crop'] ); if ( $thumbnail ) { $size['filename'] = wp_basename( $thumbnail['filename'] ); $size['fileexists'] = file_exists( $thumbnail['filename'] ); } else { $size['filename'] = false; $size['fileexists'] = false; } } elseif ( ! empty( $metadata['sizes'][ $size['label'] ]['file'] ) ) { $size['filename'] = wp_basename( $metadata['sizes'][ $size['label'] ]['file'] ); $size['fileexists'] = file_exists( $wp_upload_dir . $metadata['sizes'][ $size['label'] ]['file'] ); } else { $size['filename'] = false; $size['fileexists'] = false; } $response['registered_sizes'][] = $size; } if ( ! $width && ! $height && is_array( $metadata['sizes']['full'] ) ) { $response['registered_sizes'][] = array( 'label' => 'full', 'width' => $metadata['sizes']['full']['width'], 'height' => $metadata['sizes']['full']['height'], 'filename' => $metadata['sizes']['full']['file'], 'fileexists' => file_exists( $wp_upload_dir . $metadata['sizes']['full']['file'] ), ); } // Look at the attachment metadata and see if we have any extra files from sizes that are no longer registered. foreach ( $metadata['sizes'] as $label => $size ) { if ( ! file_exists( $wp_upload_dir . $size['file'] ) ) { continue; } // An unregistered size could match a registered size's dimensions. Ignore these. foreach ( $response['registered_sizes'] as $registered_size ) { if ( $size['file'] === $registered_size['filename'] ) { continue 2; } } if ( ! empty( $registered_sizes[ $label ] ) ) { /* translators: Used for listing old sizes of currently registered thumbnails */ $label = sprintf( __( '%s (old)', 'regenerate-thumbnails' ), $label ); } $response['unregistered_sizes'][] = array( 'label' => $label, 'width' => $size['width'], 'height' => $size['height'], 'filename' => $size['file'], 'fileexists' => true, ); } return $response; } } Top 6 Mistakes to Avoid When Buying Assessment Books – Skoop Singapore | One stop platform for kids education, enrichment and resources
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Top 6 Mistakes to Avoid When Buying Assessment Books

Choosing the right assessment book for your child can feel like standing in the middle of Popular bookstore, overwhelmed by colourful covers, bold promises, and shelves packed with choices.

But picking the wrong book doesn’t just waste time and money, it could hurt your child’s confidence and progress.

So before you add another “bestseller” to your basket, take note of these 6 common mistakes parents often make when selecting assessment books and how to make better choices.

primary school assessment books

  1. Picking books that are too hard (or too easy) 

It’s tempting to buy a book that’s one level ahead, just to “challenge” your child. But books that are too advanced can leave your child confused, frustrated or worse, make your child feel defeated before they’ve even begun.

Likewise, a book that’s too easy gives a false sense of progress without real growth.

Tip: Involve your child when choosing the book. Flip through it together and get their honest feedback on whether it looks manageable.

  1. Focusing on quantity over quality 

Doing more practice doesn’t always lead to better results. Some assessment books overload students with repetitive or low-quality questions that fail to build true understanding or critical thinking skills.

Tip: Look for books with well-structured progression that include detailed explanations or worked solutions—not just final answers. When your child can see how to solve problems step-by-step, they learn from their mistakes and build confidence, rather than just guessing or memorising answers.  Quality practice helps your child develop deeper skills that stick beyond exams.

  1. Ignoring syllabus alignment 

Not all assessment books follow the current MOE syllabus or exam formats. If you choose an outdated or imported book, your child might miss important topics or get used to question types that no longer appear in exams, which can affect their confidence and results.

Tip: Always double-check that the assessment book is the latest edition and fully aligned with the current MOE syllabus and exam formats. This ensures your child is practising the right topics the right way.

  1. Buying what’s popular, not what’s relevant 

It’s easy to get swept up by a “Top 10 Bestselling” label or recommendations from other parents. But remember, what works for someone else’s child may not suit yours.

Tip: Don’t choose a book just because it’s popular. Choose it because it meets your child’s specific learning needs. Every child is different.

assessment books

  1. Assuming all subjects work the same way 

Many parents choose assessment books the same way across all subjects, as long as it has enough practice papers and a familiar publisher.

But each subject tests a very different set of skills and has its unique needs, and using a one-size-fits-all approach often leads to poor preparation or wasted effort.

Tip: Match the book to the subject’s skill demands. For instance, Maths needs books that develop problem-solving skills, heuristics, and provide clear step-by-step solutions while Science requires books that build conceptual understanding and include explanation-based questions.

  1. Overloading on too many books at once 

Parents sometimes buy a full stack of assessment books per subject making it feel like you’re well prepared. But too many books can overwhelm your child and most end up half-used.

Tip: A smarter way? Start with 1 or 2 books. Observe how your child copes, then use that feedback to choose more targeted books that better support their learning needs.

You don’t need a shelf full of “top” assessment books. What your child needs is one that fits their current level, needs, and stage of learning. When you choose and use assessment books with intention, your child doesn’t just get more practice, they gain confidence, deeper understanding, and the motivation to keep improving.

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